Sex disparities in STEMI pathophysiology: Presentation, treatments, and outcomes

Authors

  • Akash Gopal Wayne State University School of Medicine
  • Swetha Reddy Wayne State University School of Medicine
  • George Kidess Wayne State University School of Medicine
  • Mohammad Akkawi Wayne State University School of Medicine
  • Timir Paul Ascension St. Thomas Hospital
  • Jawad Basit Rawalpindi Medical University
  • M Chadi Alraies Detroit Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21542/gcsp.2026.1

Abstract

Despite the declining rates of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and improvements in care standards, significant disparities between sexes persist among patients diagnosed with STEMI. This review summarizes recent and relevant literature that highlights the differences between men and women concerning STEMI pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, treatment protocols, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes. Many of these disparities interact, resulting in poorer outcomes for female patients with STEMI. However, there is hope through the adoption of evidence-based treatment plans.

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Published

2026-02-27

Issue

Vol. 2026 No. 1 (2026)

Section

Review articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Akash Gopal, Swetha Reddy, George Kidess, Mohammad Akkawi, Timir Paul, Jawad Basit, M Chadi Alraies

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license CC BY 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.